This is Heather Cox Richardson's November 16, 2024, Newsletter Regarding President-Elect Donald Trump's Pledge to Eliminate the US Department of Education. https://open.substack.com/pub/heathercoxrichardson/p/november-16-2024?r=zf7p&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web One of President-elect Trump’s campaign pledges was to eliminate the
Department of Education. He claimed that the department pushes “woke”
ideology on America’s schoolchildren and that its employees “hate our
children.” He promised to “return” education to the states.
In
fact, the Department of Education does not set curriculum; states and
local governments do. The Department of Education collects statistics
about schools to monitor student performance and promote practices based
in evidence. It provides about 10% of funding for K–12 schools through
federal grants of about $19.1 billion to high-poverty schools and of
$15.5 billion to help cover the cost of educating students with
disabilities.
It also oversees the $1.6 trillion federal student
loan program, including setting the rules under which colleges and
universities can participate. But what really upsets the radical right
is that the Department of Education is in charge of prohibiting
discrimination on the basis of race and sex in schools that get federal
funding, a policy Congress set in 1975 with an act now known as the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This was before
Congress created the department.
The Department of Education
became a stand-alone department in May 1980 under Democratic president
Jimmy Carter, when Congress split the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare into two departments: the Department of Health and Human
Services and the Department of Education.
A Republican-dominated
Congress established the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in
1953 under Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower as part of a broad
attempt to improve the nation’s schools and Americans’ well-being in
the flourishing post–World War II economy. When the Soviet Union beat
the United States into space by sending up the first Sputnik satellite
in 1957, lawmakers concerned that American children were falling behind
put more money and effort into educating the country’s youth, especially
in math and science.
But support for federal oversight of
education took a devastating hit after the Supreme Court, headed by
Eisenhower appointee Chief Justice Earl Warren, declared racially
segregated schools unconstitutional in the May 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision.
Immediately,
white southern lawmakers launched a campaign of what they called
“massive resistance” to integration. Some Virginia counties closed their
public schools. Other school districts took funds from integrated
public schools and used a grant system to redistribute those funds to
segregated private schools. Then, Supreme Court decisions in 1962 and
1963 that declared prayer in schools unconstitutional cemented the
decision of white evangelicals to leave the public schools, convinced
that public schools were leading their children to perdition.
In 1980, Republican Ronald Reagan ran on a promise to eliminate the new Department of Education.
After
Reagan’s election, his secretary of education commissioned a study of
the nation’s public schools, starting with the conviction that there was
a “widespread public perception that something is seriously remiss in
our educational system.” The resulting report, titled “A Nation at
Risk,” announced that “the educational foundations of our society are
presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our
very future as a Nation and a people.”
Although a later study
commissioned in 1990 by the Secretary of Energy found the data in the
original report did not support the report’s conclusions, Reagan
nonetheless used the report in his day to justify school privatization.
He vowed after the report’s release that he would “continue to work in
the months ahead for passage of tuition tax credits, vouchers,
educational savings accounts, voluntary school prayer, and abolishing
the Department of Education. Our agenda is to restore quality to
education by increasing competition and by strengthening parental choice
and local control.”
The rise of white evangelism and its marriage
to Republican politics fed the right-wing conviction that public
education no longer served “family values” and that parents had been cut
out of their children’s education. Christians began to educate their
children at home, believing that public schools were indoctrinating
their children with secular values.
When he took office in 2017,
Trump rewarded those evangelicals who had supported his candidacy by
putting right-wing evangelical activist Betsy DeVos in charge of the
Education Department. She called for eliminating the department—until
she used its funding power to try to keep schools open during the covid
pandemic—and asked for massive cuts in education spending.
Rather
than funding public schools, DeVos called instead for tax money to be
spent on education vouchers, which distribute tax money to parents to
spend for education as they see fit. This system starves the public
schools and subsidizes wealthy families whose children are already in
private schools. DeVos also rolled back civil rights protections for
students of color and LGBTQ+ students but increased protections for
students accused of sexual assault.
In 2019, the 1619 Project, published by the New York Times Magazine
on the 400th anniversary of the arrival of enslaved Africans at
Jamestown in Virginia Colony, argued that the true history of the United
States began in 1619, establishing the roots of the country in the
enslavement of Black Americans. That, combined with the Black Lives
Matter protests in 2020, prompted Trump to commission the 1776 Project,
which rooted the country in its original patriotic ideals and insisted
that any moments in which it had fallen away from those ideals were
quickly corrected. He also moved to ban diversity training in federal
agencies.
When Trump lost the 2020 election, his loyalists
turned to undermining the public schools to destroy what they
considered an illegitimate focus on race and gender that was corrupting
children. In January 2021, Republican activists formed Moms for Liberty,
which called itself a parental rights organization and began to demand
the banning of LGBTQ+ books from school libraries. Right-wing activist
Christopher Rufo engineered a national panic over the false idea that
public school educators were teaching their students critical race
theory, a theory taught as an elective in law school to explain why
desegregation laws had not ended racial discrimination.
After
January 2021, 44 legislatures began to consider laws to ban the teaching
of critical race theory or to limit how teachers could talk about
racism and sexism, saying that existing curricula caused white children
to feel guilty.
When the Biden administration expanded the
protections enforced by the Department of Education to include LGBTQ+
students, Trump turned to focusing on the idea that transgender students
were playing high-school sports despite the restrictions on that
practice in the interest of “ensuring fairness in competition or
preventing sports-related injury.”
During the 2024 political
campaign, Trump brought the longstanding theme of public schools as
dangerous sites of indoctrination to a ridiculous conclusion, repeatedly
insisting that public schools were performing gender-transition surgery
on students. But that cartoonish exaggeration spoke to voters who had
come to see the equal rights protected by the Department of Education as
an assault on their own identity. That position leads directly to the
idea of eliminating the Department of Education.
But that might
not work out as right-wing Americans imagine. As Morning Joe economic
analyst Steven Rattner notes, for all that Republicans embrace the
attacks on public education, Republican-dominated states receive
significantly more federal money for education than Democratic-dominated
states do, although the Democratic states contribute significantly more
tax dollars.
There is a bigger game afoot, though, than the
current attack on the Department of Education. As Thomas Jefferson
recognized, education is fundamental to democracy, because only educated
people can accurately evaluate the governmental policies that will
truly benefit them.
In 1786, Jefferson wrote to a colleague about
public education: “No other sure foundation can be devised for the
preservation of freedom, and happiness…. Preach, my dear Sir, a crusade
against ignorance; establish and improve the law for educating the
common people. Let our countrymen know that the people alone can protect
us against [the evils of “kings, nobles and priests”], and that the tax
which will be paid for this purpose is not more than the thousandth
part of what will be paid to kings, priests and nobles who will rise up
among us if we leave the people in ignorance.”
Notes:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2024/11/12/trump-close-education-department-proposal-explained/
https://www.chalkbeat.org/2024/11/15/trump-abolishing-education-department-may-hurt-students-with-disabilities/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/09/26/home-schooling-vs-public-school-poll/
https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/evangelical-homeschooling-and-the-development-of-family-values
https://www.npr.org/2020/11/19/936225974/the-legacy-of-education-secretary-betsy-devos
https://pulitzercenter.org/sites/default/files/full_issue_of_the_1619_project.pdf
https://glaad.org/moms-for-liberty-book-bans-anti-lgbtq/
https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06
https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/4/6/23673209/trans-students-sports-participation-biden-title-ix/
https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-10-02-0162
https://www.reaganfoundation.org/media/130020/a-nation-at-risk-report.pdf
https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/just-visiting/nation-risk-and-re-segregation-schools
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